Biology or life science

 It is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structures, functions, growth, development, distribution and classification. Modern biology is a broad field consisting of many branches and sub-specialties, but it includes some general unified concepts that link its different branches, and all studies and research proceed on them. The cell is generally viewed in biology as the basic unit of life, the gene as the basic unit of heredity, and evolution as the engine that generates new species. It is also understood in biology at the present time that all living organisms remain alive by consuming and converting energy, and by regulating the internal environment to maintain a stable and vital state.

Biochemistry studies the chemical processes related to living organisms, molecular biology studies the complex interactions that occur between biological molecules, botany studies the life of different plants, cellular biology studies the cell, which is the basic building block of life, physiology studies the physical and chemical functions of the tissues, organs and systems of the living organism, while evolutionary biology studies the processes that led to the diversity of life, and ecology studies how living organisms interact with their environment.

Muslim scholars also made important contributions to biology, such as Al-Jahiz, Abu Hanifa Al-Dinawari who wrote about plant sciences, and Abu Bakr Al-Razi who wrote about anatomy and physiology. Muslims also paid special attention to medicine, so they translated the sciences of the Greeks and added a lot to them. As for their contributions to natural history, they were largely based on Aristotelian thought.

 Biology took a big leap forward when Antonie van Leeuwenhoek developed the microscope, which led to the discovery of sperm, bacteria, and various microscopic organisms. The Dutch scientist Jan Swammerdam played a pivotal role in the development of entomology and helped establish the basic techniques of microscopic filtration and staining. Advances in migration studies also had a profound impact on the thinking of biologists, with a number of biologists pointing to the central importance of the cell as early as the early 19th century. In 1838, Schwann and Schleiden began to promote the idea that the basic unit of living organisms was the cell, and that individual cells possessed the properties of life, but they opposed the idea that all cells were produced by the division of other cells. However, thanks to the work of Robert Remarque and Rudolf Virchow, scientists came to accept the three previous principles by the 1860s, which later became known as cell theory.

Biology is divided into branches according to the range of organisms studied, the types of organisms studied, and the methods used in their study.

• The most important basic branches of biology:

Agronomy, which studies the production of crops and livestock, with an emphasis on practical applications.

Anatomy studies the form and function of living organisms, whether plants or animals, and specifically humans.

Histology, which studies cells and tissues, and is a microscopic branch of anatomy.

Astrobiology, which studies the evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe.

Biochemistry, which studies the chemical reactions necessary for emergence, survival, and continuation of life, is usually at the cellular level.

Bioengineering, which is the study of biology by engineering means with an emphasis on applied knowledge, especially that related to biotechnology.

Biogeography, which is the study of the spatial and temporal distribution of species.

Bioinformatics, which is the use of information technology to study, collect, and store genomic and other biological data.

Mathematical biology, which is the quantitative or mathematical study of biological processes, with an emphasis on modeling.

Biomechanics, often considered a branch of medicine, is the study of the mechanics of living organisms with an emphasis on practical uses.

Pharmacology, the study of the preparation, use, and effects of drugs and industrial medicines.

Biophysics, the study of biological processes from a physical perspective through the application of theories and methods used in the physical sciences.

Biotechnology, the application of information related to living systems with the aim of using these systems or their components for industrial purposes.

Botany, which specializes in the study of plants of various types.

Cell biology, which studies the cell as a complete unit, as well as the molecular and chemical interactions that occur within a living cell.

Conservation biology, which studies how to preserve, protect, and restore the natural environment, natural ecosystems, vegetation, and wildlife.

Cryogenic biology, which studies the effect of low temperatures on living organisms.

Developmental biology, which specializes in studying the process by which a living organism grows, forms, and develops in its stages of growth.

Embryology, which studies the stages of fetal development from fertilization to birth.

Ecology, which is the science that studies the interactions of living organisms with each other and with the non-living elements in their environment.

Population ecology, which studies the movements of populations of species and how these populations interact with their environment.

Epidemiology, which is a major component of public health research, studies the factors that affect the health of populations.

Evolutionary biology, which studies the origin of species over time.

Genetics, which studies genes and heredity.

Epigenetics, which studies genetic changes in gene expression or cellular phenotype, which results from mechanisms other than changes in DNA sequence.

Population genetics, which studies changes in the frequency of different gene variants over time in populations of organisms.

Hematology, which studies blood, the organs in which it is formed, and the various diseases that affect it.

Inland water bodies science, which studies these bodies biologically, chemically, physically, and geologically.

Marine biology is the science that studies ocean ecosystems, as well as plants, animals, and other organisms that live in water bodies.

Microbiology is the science that studies microscopic organisms and their interactions with other organisms.

Parasitology is the science that studies parasites and parasitism.

Virology is the science that studies viruses and virus-like organisms.

Molecular biology is the science that studies biology and biological functions at the molecular level and overlaps in some of its fields with biochemistry.

Mycology is the study of fungi of various types.

Neuroscience is the study of the nervous system, including its anatomy, functions, and diseases.

Paleobiology is the study of fossils and sometimes studies geographical evidence of prehistoric life.

Pathology is the study of diseases, their causes, nature, and evolution.

Physiology is the science that studies the performance of living organisms, their organs, and parts.

Plant pathology is the study of various plant diseases whether caused by an infectious organism or environmental factors.

Biopsychology studies the biological foundations of psychology.

Biosociology studies the biological foundations of sociology

Zoology is the science that deals with the study of animals, including their classification, functions, growth, and behavior. Zoology is divided into many branches, including:

• Animal behavior

• Entomology

• Herpetology

• Ichthyology

• Mammalogy

• Ornithology.