The interior of the Earth

Plate tectonics, mountain ranges, volcanoes and earthquakes are geological phenomena that can be explained in terms of physical and chemical processes in the Earth's crust.

 Underneath the Earth's crust lies the mantle, which is heated by the radioactive decay of heavy elements. The mantle is not completely solid and consists of magma in a state of semi-permanent convection. This convection process causes the lithosphere to move, albeit slowly. The resulting process is known as plate tectonics.

 Plate tectonics can be thought of as the process by which the Earth re-emerges. As a result of seafloor spreading, new crust is created and the seafloor is expanded by the flow of magma from the mantle to the near surface, through cracks, where it cools and solidifies. Through calving, the oceanic crust and lithosphere return to the convective mantle.

Earth Sciences Sections

The field of Earth Science is a broad field, which can be divided into five main specializations: astronomy, meteorology, geology, oceanography, and ecology.

• Geology: The science of the structure of the planet Earth, which specializes in studying the rocky section and the Earth's crust in general. The most important principle in geology is the principle of current. Geology has developed especially since the sixties of the last century after the general acceptance of the theory of plate tectonics. Sciences related to geology are paleobiology and historical geology.

• Geodesy: Studies the shape of the Earth and its interaction with forces in addition to its potential fields.

• Soil Science: Studies the science of the origin and development of the various components of the land, or rather the soil, in addition to its division.

• Soil Impact Science: The scientific path concerned with studying the effect on living organisms, especially plants. This science is one of the two main sections of soil science, with soil conditions being the other section. 

• Oceanography and hydrology.

• caliology: Studies the icy parts of planet Earth.

• Atmospheric Sciences: is a comprehensive expression for the studies of the atmosphere and the processes that occur in it and the effects of other systems on it, and its effect on those systems.

• Geomorphology: focuses on the study of terrain (such as mountains, plains, valleys, rivers, deserts and coasts) and the reasons for their formation and development over time.

• Mineral Science: specializes in the study of minerals and their natural and chemical properties.

• Petrology: specializes in the study of rock types and their chemical and mineral composition.

• Structural Geology: is the science that studies the current structure of the Earth's crust and its development during geological ages.

• Geophysics: is the science that studies the layers and different geological structures beneath the Earth's surface, especially the study of invisible structures that may contain materials of economic value.

• Physical Geology (Natural): is the science that is concerned with the study of natural and geological phenomena on the Earth's surface.

• Seismology: This science is concerned with the study of the origin and causes of earthquakes.

• geology: is the science that studies the different laws and conditions that control the formation of layers.

• Paleontology: It is concerned with the study of the remains of ancient organisms or fossils.

• Historical geology: It is concerned with the study of layers and the arrangement of their rocks and their type from the most ancient times to the present time.

• Economic geology: It is an applied science concerned with the search for and study of economic materials.

• Geochemistry: It is concerned with the study of minerals and rocks from a chemical perspective and the distribution of elements in the Earth's crust, the type of iron and the percentage of mineral ores in different regions of the Earth's crust.

The interior of the earth

Plate tectonics, mountain ranges, volcanoes and earthquakes are vital biological phenomena that can be explained in terms of physical and chemical processes in their improvement.

Under the weight of the illusory Earth is the mantle that is heated by radio filtration of hot elements. The mantle is not completely solid and consists of deserts in a state of semi-permanent convection. To this end, the responsibility of this topic falls on you, Lu Ning. To reach the right place for tectonics.

A tectonics credit score can be obtained by the view that the Earth's fashion follows. As a result of the lack of seafloor spreading, the seafloor is created in a new form and expanded by the flow of magma from the mantle to the near surface, through cracks, where it cools and cools. Through reproduction, the oceanic crust and the specific mantle return to the mantle.

Claiming areas that are well purchased are known as divergent boundaries, areas where they are returned to convergent boundaries rather than where plates merge with each other, but no new product is created or destroyed at the boundary, Earthquakes are caused by the great tectonic plate movement that occurs near convergent boundaries where parts are forced out of the Earth as part of subduction.

Volcanoes are primarily caused by the melting of thinned crustal material. The crustal material being carried into the asthenosphere melts, and some of the melted material becomes light enough to rise to the surface, creating volcanoes.

Earth's Atmosphere

The troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere are the five layers that make up Earth's atmosphere. 75% of the gases in the atmosphere are located within the troposphere, the lowest layer. Overall, the atmosphere is made up of about 78.0% nitrogen, 20.9% oxygen, and 0.92% argon. In addition to nitrogen, there are small amounts of other gases including carbon dioxide and water vapor.

 Water vapor and carbon dioxide allow Earth's atmosphere to capture and retain energy from the Sun through a phenomenon called the greenhouse effect.

 This allows Earth's surface to be warm enough to have liquid water and support life. In addition to storing heat, the atmosphere also protects living things by shielding Earth's surface from cosmic rays. The magnetic field, generated by the internal movements of the core, creates the magnetosphere, which protects Earth's atmosphere from solar winds. Since Earth is 4.5 billion years old, it would have lost its atmosphere by now if it were not for the protective magnetosphere.

Earth's Magnetic Field

Earth has a solid iron inner core surrounded by a liquid, convective outer core; therefore, Earth is an electromagnet. Convective movement maintains Earth's magnetic field.

The Earth's main atmospheres are generally divided into four: the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere;[26] these correspond to rock, water, air, and life. Some also include the cryosphere (corresponding to ice) as a distinct part of the hydrosphere and the terranean (corresponding to soil) as an active, mixed sphere.